Stratify scatterplots for relevant categorical covariates.Be aware of the limitations of the correlation coefficient. Display and summarize the relationship between two continuous measurement variables through scatterplots and correlation coefficients.If the distribution is not normal, investigate whether there are transformations of the measurements that make them normal, or nearly normal, to enable parametric statistics to be used, which may be more revealing than non-parametric statistics used when data (or its transformation) are not normal.Many statistical techniques assume a normal (Gaussian) distribution, so normality must be checked. Investigate the distribution of your measurements.Choose appropriate data summaries, and understand the difference between the standard deviation of the measurements and the standard error of summary statistics.Investigate causes and implications of outliers in order to treat outliers appropriately.For datasets that are not too large, show individual observations instead of summaries.
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